Women are just as Violent as Men an Example by

Women are just as Violent as Men When we heard of domestic violence, it usually registers in our minds that women are victims. Most of the reported crimes, men are the assailants and women are the victims. Beyond our knowledge, there are numerous cases where men are abused by their partners but decided to remain silent about it. Need essay sample on "Women are just as Violent as Men" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Most of us think that the level of violence inflicted on men by women is less serious than that inflicted by women (Straus, M. 1993). That is why when women are abusive; some of us think that women are just being defensive of themselves against men. Our society seemed to harbor an implicit acceptance of womens violence as relatively harmless, according to Maguire, J. (1999). Men chose to remain silent of their situation because of embarrassment. Men feel that people will not believe their stories. Due to this, rate of men being abused by women is difficult to estimate due to cases that are not reported and filed which leaves the whole story on women being abused by their partners Violence against men may start from actions such as shoving, pushing, and throwing objects; later on, it may turn into verbal abuse. It shows that men are more deeply affected by the cruel words that women might say such as coward and failure rather physical actions. Men can endure physical violence that women may give for they are tougher than women. In a more detailed way, women are just as violent as men. Psychological problem such as personality disorder often makes a woman characteristically abusive and violent. Women may also be suicidal and have severe mood swings which often result to being violent. Frustrations and depression can be expressed by women easier than men do. Women can be very vocal and violent about what they are feeling. Womens violence, psychologically speaking, can be interpreted easier than men. Their mental and emotional condition is a result of their own insecurities. Women have the need to create unrealistic expectations and demands towards men wherein they become violent when men were unable to provide or meet their demands. Unlike battered women who will do everything just to get out of the bad relationship, abused men chose to stay because they consider factors such as protecting their children from their wives or partners, they feel guilty about the situation and they think that they deserve the treatment that they are getting from their wives or partners, or they are dependent on women, regardless if it is emotional, mental, or financial dependency. References Gelbes, R. (1987). Family Violence. Beverly Hills: Sage. Lewontin, R.C. (1995). Sex, Lies, and Social Science. The New York Review of Books. Maguire, J. (1999). Are Women More Violent than Men? Violence Against Men is Ignored. Massachusetts News. Straus, M. (1993). Physical Assault by Wives, A Major Social Problem. Current Controversies on Family Violence. Sage Publications.

Arrhenius Equation Formula and Example

Arrhenius Equation Formula and Example In 1889, Svante Arrhenius formulated the Arrhenius equation, which relates reaction rate to temperature. A broad generalization of the Arrhenius equation is to say the reaction rate for many chemical reactions doubles for every increase in 10 degrees Celsius or Kelvin. While this rule of thumb isnt always accurate, keeping it in mind is a good way to check whether a calculation made using the Arrhenius equation is reasonable. Formula There are two common forms of the Arrhenius equation. Which one you use depends on whether you have an activation energy in terms of energy per mole (as in chemistry) or energy per molecule (more common in physics). The equations are essentially the same, but the units are different. The Arrhenius equation as its used in chemistry is often stated according to the formula: k Ae-Ea/(RT) k is the rate constantA is an exponential factor that is a constant for a given chemical reaction, relating the frequency of collisions of particlesEa is the activation energy of the reaction (usually given in Joules per mole or J/mol)R is the universal gas constantT is the absolute temperature (in Kelvins) In physics, the more common form of the equation is: k Ae-Ea/(KBT) k, A, and T are the same as beforeEa is the activation energy of the chemical reaction in JouleskB is the Boltzmann constant In both forms of the equation, the units of A are the same as those of the rate constant. The units vary according to the order of the reaction. In a first-order reaction, A has units of per second (s-1), so it may also be called the frequency factor. The constant k is the number of collisions between particles that produce a reaction per second, while A is the number of collisions per second (which may or may not result in a reaction) that are in the proper orientation for a reaction to occur. For most calculations, the temperature change is small enough that the activation energy is not dependent on temperature. In other words, its usually not necessary to know the activation energy to compare the effect of temperature on reaction rate. This makes the math much simpler. From examining the equation, it should be apparent the rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by either increasing the temperature of a reaction or by decreasing its activation energy. This is why catalysts speed up reactions! Example Find the rate coefficient at 273 K for the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide, which has the reaction: 2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) O2(g) You are given that the activation energy of the reaction is 111 kJ/mol, the rate coefficient is 1.0 x 10-10 s-1, and the value of R is 8.314 x 10-3 kJ mol-1K-1. In order to solve the problem, you need to assume A and Ea dont vary significantly with temperature. (A small deviation might be mentioned in an error analysis, if you are asked to identify sources of error.) With these assumptions, you can calculation the value of A at 300 K. Once you have A, you can plug it into the equation to solve for k at the temperature of 273 K. Start by setting up the initial calculation: k Ae-Ea/RT 1.0 x 10-10 s-1 Ae(-111 kJ/mol)/(8.314 x 10-3 kJ mol-1K-1)(300K) Use your scientific calculator to solve for A and then plug in the value for the new temperature. To check your work, notice the temperature decreased by nearly 20 degrees, so the reaction should only be about a fourth as fast (decreased by about half for every 10 degrees). Avoiding Mistakes in Calculations The most common errors made in performing calculations are using constant that have different units from each other and forgetting to convert Celsius (or Fahrenheit) temperature to Kelvin. Its also a good idea to keep the number of significant digits in mind when reporting answers. Arrhenius Plot Taking the natural logarithm of the Arrhenius equation and rearranging the terms yields an equation that has the same form as the equation of a straight line (y mxb): ln(k) -Ea/R (1/T) ln(A) In this case, the x of the line equation is the reciprocal of absolute temperature (1/T). So, when data is taken on the rate of a chemical reaction, a plot of ln(k) versus 1/T produces a straight line. The gradient or slope of the line and its intercept can be used to determine the exponential factor A and the activation energy Ea. This is a common experiment when studying chemical kinetics.

Battle of Coochs Bridge in the American Revolution

Battle of Cooch's Bridge in the American Revolution Battle of Coochs Bridge - Conflict Date: The Battle of Coochs Bridge was fought September 3, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Battle of Coochs Bridge - Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonBrigadier General William Maxwell450 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisLieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb293 men Battle of Coochs Bridge - Background: Having captured New York in 1776, British campaign plans for the following year called for Major General John Burgoynes army to advance south from Canada with the goal of capturing the Hudson Valley and severing New England from the rest of the American colonies.   In commencing his operations, Burgoyne hoped that General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander in North America, would march north from New York City to support the campaign.   Uninterested in advancing up the Hudson, Howe instead set his sights on taking the American capital at Philadelphia.   To do so, he planned to embark the bulk of his army and sail south. Working with his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, Howe initially hoped to ascend the Delaware River and land below Philadelphia.   An assessment of the river forts in the Delaware deterred the Howes from this line of approach and they instead decided to sail further south before moving up the Chesapeake Bay.   Putting to sea in late July, the British were hampered by poor weather.   Though aware of Howes departure from New York, the American commander, General George Washington, remained in the dark regarding the enemys intentions.   Receiving sighting reports from along the coast, he increasingly determined that the target was Philadelphia.   As a result, he began moving his army south in late August.   Battle of Coochs Bridge - Coming Ashore: Moving up the Chesapeake Bay, Howe started landing his army at Head of Elk on August 25.   Moving inland, the British began concentrating their forces before beginning the march northeast toward Philadelphia.   Having encamped at Wilmington, DE, Washington, along with Major General Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette, rode southwest on August 26 and reconnoitered the British from atop Iron Hill.   Assessing the situation, Lafayette recommended employing a force of light infantry to disrupt the British advance and give Washington time to choose suitable ground for blocking Howes army.   This duty normally would have fallen to Colonel Daniel Morgans riflemen, but this force had been sent north to reinforce Major General Horatio Gates who was opposing Burgoyne.   As a result, a new command of 1,100 handpicked men was quickly assembled under the leadership of Brigadier General William Maxwell. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Moving to Contact: On the morning of September 2, Howe directed Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to depart Cecil County Court House with the right wing of the army and move east toward Aikens Tavern.   This march was slowed by poor roads and foul weather.   The next day, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis was ordered to break camp at Head of Elk and join Knyphausen at the tavern.   Advancing east over different roads, Howe and Cornwallis reached Aikens Tavern ahead of the delayed Hessian general and elected to turn north without waiting for the planned rendezvous.   To the north, Maxwell had positioned his force south of Coochs Bridge which spanned the Christina River as well as sent a light infantry company south to set an ambush along the road. Battle of Coochs Bridge - A Sharp Fight: Riding north, Cornwallis advance guard, which was comprised of a company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald, fell into Maxwells trap.   Springing the ambush, the American light infantry broke up the Hessian column and Ewald retreated to obtain aid from Hessian and Ansbach jgers in Cornwallis command.   Advancing,  jgers led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb engaged the Maxwells men in a running fight north.   Deploying in a line with artillery support, Wurmbs men attempted to pin the Americans in place with bayonet charge in the center while sending a force to turn Maxwells flank.   Recognizing the danger, Maxwell continued to slowly retreat north towards the bridge (Map). Reaching Coochs Bridge, the Americans formed to make a stand on the east bank of the river.   Increasingly pressed by Wurmbs men, Maxwell retreated across the span to a new position on the west bank.   Breaking off the fight, the  jgers occupied nearby Iron Hill.   In an effort to take the bridge, a battalion of British light infantry crossed the river downstream and began moving north.   This effort was badly slowed by swampy terrain.   When this force finally arrived, it, along with the threat posed by Wurmbs command, compelled Maxwell to depart the field and retreat back to Washingtons camp outside Wilmington, DE. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Coochs Bridge are not known with certainty but are estimated at 20 killed and 20 wounded for Maxwell and 3-30 killed and 20-30 wounded for Cornwallis.   As Maxwell moved north, Howes army continued to be harassed by American militia forces.   That evening, Delaware militia, led by Caesar Rodney, struck the British near Aikens Tavern in a hit-and-run attack.   Over the next week, Washington marched north with the intention of blocking Howes advance near Chadds Ford, PA.   Taking a position behind the Brandywine River, he was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11.   In the days after the battle, Howe succeeded in occupying Philadelphia.   An American counterattack on October 4 was turned back at the Battle of Germantown.   The campaign season ended later that fall with Washingtons army going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.            Selected Sources DAR: Battle of Coochs BridgePHAA: Battle of Coochs BridgeHMDB: Battle of Coochs Bridge

Eye-witness testimony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eye-witness testimony - Essay Example According to these researchers, other types of circumstantial evidence, such as fingerprints or DNA, are more reliable in identifying criminals. This essay argues that eyewitness identification is not only can get the murder, but also it has unreliable. The heart of the American criminal justice system is the honesty and reliability of eyewitnesses. The testimony of eyewitnesses can very much influence the decision of the judge or the members of jury. The jury tries to identify the reliability or honesty of the eyewitness secretly, without telling the basis of its final decision. Considering the weakness of the human memory, therefore, is very crucial to the criminal and legal justice system, because a lot of trials are focused on honest identifications (Wise et al. 2). Reaching a fair decision and a right identification is hard without the chance that eyewitnesses may not know wrongness in their identification or testimony. Without strong physical evidence, testimony of eyewitnesses is important every time prosecution tries to prove that the criminal and the defendant are the same. The correctness of an eyewitness testimony or identification is shaped by two types of variables, which are ‘estimator’ and ‘system’ (Cutler & Kovera 54). System variables are things that the criminal justice system can control, like directions taught to eyewitnesses before they go into a lineup. Estimator variables, on the other hand, are things that the criminal justice system cannot control and their effects can be studied. These variables could be the lightning in the place where the crime took place, how long the eyewitnesses saw the face of the criminal, and so on (Cutler & Kovera 54). But, still, eyewitnesses cannot be sure that their memory is right. Researchers say that weaknesses of the human memory negatively affect the truth of eyewitness testimony. Human memory is very hard to understand and study. Eyewitnesses can have a

How was the Civil War Driven by the people or the leader of the time Assignment

How was the Civil War Driven by the people or the leader of the time (Mod 4 Disc2) - Assignment Example According to McPherson & Hogue, (2010), the invention of a cotton gin lead to expansion of cotton plantation that lead to demand of more slave labor in the South state, but it brought crisis because the Northern people tried to abolish the slavery or start a system of gradual emancipation to reduce the abuse. The two states agreed to outlaw the importation of slaves from overseas in 1808, the slaves holding state agreed to prohibition on the slave trade because they feared if the afro-Caribbean slaves brought in would bring with them the slave rebellion and cause the conflict between the people. The people of the south state though they agreed with the abolishment of the slave in the plantation, they continued with slaves’ trade to earn income. This was worse because the North state saw it has denial of the people of the human right and dignity in the nation. As the nation expanded westward, it was clear that maintaining the political balance between the two states was difficult, and the leaders were unable to form new measures to solve the problem. The leaders played a part of the war because they compromised between the sections on the issues of abolishment of the slave trade that led to crisis that threatened to disrupt the nation social and economic stability. The leaders had no jurisdiction over the conditions and laws regulating slavery within the individual states, they were unable to address the rapid economic and social changes brought about by the industrial rebellion in the two states (McPherson & Hogue, 2010). The corruption among leaders also contributed to the war because they were torn between the political and social benefit they would get from the implementation of the laws. In conclusion, the civil war was a people and a leader’s war because both would stop the crisis but they did not due to selfish driven

The character of Danforth in the Crucible Essay Example for Free

The character of Danforth in the Crucible Essay The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller as an allegory. He wrote the Crucible at a time during a modern day witch-hunt. The witch-hunt was the hunt for communists in the USA. Many of Millers friends were being persecuted and being attacked for being communists, which they were not. In 1956 Miller himself was accused of being a Communist and was brought before the House of Un-American Activities Committee. Here he was found guilty in communist beliefs. Later in 1957 this decision was over ruled. Miller then went on to marry Marilyn Monroe but divorced in 1961. The Crucible is told from a third person point of view. The characters dont address the audience directly but do obviously address each other directly. In the Crucible Miller portrays the good, the bad and the evil of Salem, a small village in Massachusetts. He shows that even the most religious people can make huge, costly mistakes. Miller shows this through the actions and words of the characters. The Crucible is set during a series of mad witch-hunts in Salem in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a small minority of girls, begins to search madly for witches that do not exist. Many people were hanged on the charges of witchcraft. Miller shows the absurdity of the incident with a theme of truth and righteousness. The theme is conveyed through the struggles of Millers main character, John Proctor. The similarities between the witch-hunt in Salem and the hunt for communists are very alike. Miller makes the hunt for witches in Salem sound mad. He also said this about the hunt for Communists, especially when he was convicted. Miller structures the Crucible is set into four acts and tells almost all the story straight to the viewer or reader. This is minus the John Proctor affair which took place off stage. The story begins in act one, where the situation is told. The audience is told that a group of girls has been practicing witchcraft in the woods with Tituba. The initial incident is the actual accusation of the women of witchcraft by the several girls which were in the forest. This seems to get the story in motion and leads to the towns people getting into a mad frenzy. The main action of the story is the witch-hunt itself. The audience learns in later acts that several women are being tried and hanged for witchcraft.

Captial Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

I agree with the law that people who commit crimes need to be punished for their wrong doings. However, I do not agree with the way that the law thinks that problem should be handled through the death penalty. The bad part about the death penalty is that innocent people are executed, there is racism in the death penalty, the mentally retarded are executed, and the death penalty is costly. As long as the death penalty is maintained, the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated. People who are found guilty and sentenced to death row can truly be innocent. It is said by Amnesty International a campaigning movement that works to promote all the human rights that, "since 1973 at least 53 men were released from death row in seventeen US stated due to significant evidence of their innocence and that some prisoners escaped execution by minutes but 23 were actually executed". Everyone is not perfect. People can fall victim to false testimonies, mistaken identification, community prejudice, and pressure. These are just a few ways in which a person can be found guilty of a crime. These are crucial mistakes that can happen and a person can quickly be sentenced to the death penalty without second thought. Innocent people should not have to experience situations so terrifying which could lead a person to flip out and go insane. There is no reason for an inno cent person to be killed for being at the wrong place at the wrong time or for some other ridiculous mis...

Red Scare Created McCarthyism

Fear. Fear is an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat. Fear is a chain reaction in the brain that causes stressful stimulus, causing the release of chemicals. This is what makes your heart race, fast heavy breathing, and energized or tense muscles. Fear can be the chain reaction through your own body and through your peers. In the 1950’s, after World War Two, there was the nationwide fear called the Red Scare. The ‘Red Scare’ is a period of time where there was strong anti ­communism in the United States. Senator Joseph McCarthy became the public face of that movement. His intentions fueled fear of Communist subversion to the nation. The â€Å"Red Scare† caused America to be in fear of communism, motivating Senator Joseph McCarthy to take advantage of his power. Harry S. Truman was the president during McCarthyism. On March 21, 1947 Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the â€Å"Loyalty Order† . This order was developed to establish loyalty for the United States, and root out communist sentiment in the federal government. Truman aimed the opinion of communism on the public. Executive Order 9835 also was the main motivation for the creation of the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. This became known as McCarthyism. The Loyalty Order was part of the introduction to the rise of Joseph McCarthy.

What Is Modern Town Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

â€Å" Modern town planning originated in Britain in the nineteenth century following a figure of urban reformists showing concern about the wellness and environmental conditions developing in towns and metropoliss following the Industrial Revolution. † ( Western Australian Planning Commission, 2007 ) . Planning, it ‘s non an easy word to specify, with it holding so many different significances to the one word. Although in the context in which this essay will discourse, Planning, or more specifically, Town Planning is the direction of land usage and the development in which, through the execution of policies and statutory procedures. These policies and processes enable the land to prolong growing and guarantee the balance between the communities and their surrounding environments. Planing involves the balance of the built environment and the natural environment therefore bettering on economic, societal and environment issues for the present every bit good as the hereafter. The two cardinal constituents of planning, involve Strategic Planning and Statutory Planning. Strategic Planning, involves the local and province authorities which focuses on the long term and regional planning of Western Australia. Strategic Planning incorporates a scope of environmental, societal and issues within the provinces substructure. Statutory Planning, acts as the legal operate in planning. Regulations and statute laws guarantee that appropriate land use and development controls are in topographic point and effectual manage the procedure of the land usage and development in the urban and regional planning countries. Western Australia ‘s planning system is based on five chief constituents those of which involve the followers, Strong and simple statute law ; centralised statutory and regional planning ; subdivision control and facilitation of local planning ; reliable support for metropolitan betterment and statutory authorization to exert powers, allocate resources an d supply advice based on adept professional support of a section of province. These â€Å" ingredients † are indispensable to this planning system which was established by the authoritiess, when they adopted the thought from Gordon Stephenson and Alastar Hepburn in 1955. Over the old ages each authorities had updated the planning system to accommodate the demands of the community for the hereafter. There are three degrees of authorities in Australia, Federal, States and local, each with a specific function and duty in relation to planning. The federal Government by and large deals with any planning issues that involve be aftering on a national degree. That is regional planning, be aftering which concerns parts that cross provinces and/or territory boundaries. The Federal Government besides has the duty for organizing a national attack to environmental and industry type development affairs. Besides The Fed Gov. is responsible for guaranting that Australia ‘s international duties are met. And that all parts of the Australian statute law are satisfied. The federal Government ‘s Planning powers are limitless ; where as the Local and State authoritiess be aftering powers are non. State and Territory authoritiess have primary duties that revolve around those of forest planning and land direction, where the environments are at interest. State Governments, are by and large involved with strategic planning, which is the designation of coveted or future land usage. ( Williams, 2008, p.41 ) Local authoritiess have duties for local land usage planning within a regional context. By and large most planning duties and determinations are made at a local authorities degree. Structure programs are an built-in portion of the planning procedure. Although non ever a statutory demand, they provide a model for the co-ordinated proviso of services, substructure, land usage and development. They are besides used by the WAPC and local authoritiess to assist do determinations about the subdivision and development of land. Structure programs are being used progressively by contrivers to assist organize land usage and development. They help contrivers see rezoning, subdivision and development applications. The WAPC has adopted construction programs for assorted parts of the State. They highlight the chances and restraints in the country of the program and can supply the footing for amendments to local planning strategies. Regional construction programs are strategic programs supplying a wide model for be aftering at the regional or sub-regional degree. They cover be aftering issues including bounds to growing in urban countries, population tendencies, employment co untries, major commercial Centres, conveyance links, substructure and service demands, environmental protection and regional unfastened infinite. They are prepared by the DPI on behalf of the WAPC and in audience with local authoritiess. Planing policies are developed and implemented by the WAPC and local authorities to supply counsel on planning, land usage and development affairs. They are a cardinal facet of town planning and are more flexible than statutory commissariats. Planing policies help the WAPC and local authoritiess to do consistent determinations on planning applications. The being of be aftering policies does non take the demand for subdivision and development applications to be considered on their virtues. A policy must spell out in clear linguistic communication how it is to run and the aims of its conditions. A policy must be made for town planning grounds. A policy made by a local authorities must non be inconsistent with WAPC policy. A policy is a usher and is non by and large included in a local planning strategy. A policy should be unfastened to public audience by advertisement and inviting entries. The WAPC and a local authorities must to the full see entries when finalizing a policy. Planing policies besides give counsel to an applier on the manner different types of development may be assessed by be aftering governments. They give information, which may help in the readying of an application or design of a peculiar undertaking. Before using a policy, the facts of an application should be considered, like the nature and location of a undertaking. An application should non be refused without consideration of the virtues of the instance. A planning policy which is applied systematically has stronger weight in an appeal state of affairs. The State Administrative Tribunal has recognised the function and significance of planning policy and has accepted that it is non necessary for town planning policies to be given formal legal position.

Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Essay Example

Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Essay Example Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Paper Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Paper Politics is an area in society which is accepted as an important aspect of our lives. It governs our country and, as a result, affects how we conduct our everyday affairs. Since the commercial availability of television, politicians have had the opportunity to express party views, promote their manifesto and justify controversial actions. Live interviews have allowed the nation to put forward questions they want answered, significantly progressing the basis on who we decide to vote for to govern our country. These interviews are perhaps most notable on Newsnight, hosted by Jeremy Paxman. Paxman became a presenter of Newsnight in 1989 and has since been a pioneer in the interrogative style used to unnerve his interviewees. This topic is of particular interest due to the nature of the interaction between a representative of the audience (the interviewer) and the politician. In many cases, it is evident that politicians adopt a tactful stance when answering questions in order to prevent perceptions and retain popularity. Interviews often gain entertainment value when questions are put forward that place the interviewee in a difficult stance, and more so when an attempt is made to divert the topic to suit the interviewees position. This is a typical method used in order to gain control of conversation, and power struggles for the ownership of a conversation are regularly detectable. Studying this topic will allow an analysis of the interviews to be made. This can help determine whether language used conforms to the ideas of theorists such as Tannen, who states that, for men, the world is a competitive place in which conversation and speech must be used to build status or gain the upper hand. Trudgills theories can also be explored; in particular, his belief that men would often use a low prestige pronunciation thereby seeking covert prestige by appearing tough or down to earth. Hypothesis Both Paxman and the political interviewees will display typical male speech to gain dominance and authority over the conversation. Aims The aims will be to: Investigate how male language is used to assert ownership of a conversation Compare my findings with research on male gender language from theorists such as Tannen and Trudgill. Methodology For this investigation, secondary source data was gained in the form of two individual transcripts of Newsnight interviews between Paxman and George Galloway and Theresa May. These were obtained from the internet as opposed to being recorded from live programmes for numerous reasons. Firstly, the recording of transcripts is time consuming, thus meaning it would not have been viable to collect primary data from live programmes. Researching readily available transcripts allowed a range of interviews to be read, meaning the most linguistically interesting extracts could be used. Five possible transcripts were collected, and of that, two were chosen for further analysis. A male politician and female politician were used in order to gauge differences, if any, in the language style used, and whether this had a profound effect on the effectiveness of dominance in conversation. Had two male politicians been selected, it would have been hard to conclude that the language used was typically male as there would be no reference for comparison. Despite the fact that only qualitative data will be used, the analysis that can be made from these sources will be sufficient in meeting the aims and proving or disproving the hypothesis. Quantitative data is largely irrelevant for this investigation. To ensure validity, the transcripts have all been sourced from the reputable news websites. The BBC is the producer of Newsnight, so there is little chance of alteration or manipulation of the transcripts to portray a subjective view. The BBC is also fairly reputable in their political neutrality. This cannot be said for The Telegraph, where Theresa Mays transcript was sourced. However, both Theresa May and The Telegraph hold conservative views and therefore alteration is also unlikely. In terms of the ethicality of the data collected, the participants, being Jeremy Paxman and the three politicians, would have been aware that they were being filmed and broadcasted. Therefore, their consent would have been given at the time they were recorded and quoting extracts from the transcript will be ethical. In order to satisfy my aims, I will explore a variety of qualities that make up the linguistic framework such as the interactional, grammatical, lexic-semantic, syntactical and phonological features. Analysis The first data extract is from a Newsnight interview between Jeremy Paxman and George Galloway on the 5th May 2005. The interview was conducted shortly after George Galloway gained a seat for the left wing political party Respect in Bethnal Green and Bow, replacing Labour MP, Oona King. Paxman initiates conversation by addressing the audience with the clause Were now joined from his count in Bethnal Green and Bow by George Galloway. The contraction were provides unity and sense of cohesion between the interviewer and audience, perhaps done so in order to entice prejudicial bias. The question are you proud of having got rid of the very few black women Parliament is then asked. The adjective proud infers a sense of pleasure or satisfaction over a particular action, which Galloway dismisses immediately with the simple sentence What a preposterous question. This matter of fact statement allows Galloway to gain high ground as it addresses the absurdity of what is essentially an accusation of racism. As a result, a role reversal can be seen. Galloway uses the personal pronoun you to pose a question towards Paxman. This is perhaps the first clear evidence of a battle of ownership of the conversation and conforms to aspects of Tannens theory. She argues that conversation for most men is a primary means to preserve independence, and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order, opting for a report stance as opposed to a females rapport stance. A battle for social hierarchy can be seen when Paxman avoids answering the question, with the ironic and somewhat hypocritical reply Youre not answering that one?. According to Tannen, competition for status drives men; therefore they are more at ease with conflict. Galloway proves this theory when conflict arises after telling Paxman to move on to [his] next question. The imperative command move acts as an order, thus challenging Paxmans control over the interview. This can be supported with Tannens theory of male language using orders, whilst women would use proposal s to communicate a desire. A bid for higher status can be seen when Galloway states If you ask that question again, Im going, I warn you now. This goes against the norm of interview etiquette in that the interviewer has been challenged. The response Dont try and threaten me Mr Galloway, please reveals numerous techniques in attempt to restore protocol. The verb try suggests Galloway failed in issuing the threat. Furthermore, the use of the title Mr and the politicians surname is excessively formal for use during the middle of the conversation, perhaps done so to assert prestige. This could have also been done in attempt to belittle Galloway, yet this is undermined by the adverb please. This changes the sentence from a command to a request, and the position of the word at the end infers an afterthought from Paxman. Galloway diffuses the intensity of the exchanges by replacing the verb threaten with badger Youre the one whos trying to badger me. The connotation of annoyance from this word infers the severity of the interview is little more than a quarrel to Galloway. This could be a dismissive strategy to highlight Paxmans trivial retaliations. Towards the end of the interview, Jeremy Paxman again insinuates that Galloways motives were to insight racial tensions. At this point, George Galloway deviates from response and again directly confronts the questioning- You are actually conducting one the most even by your standards one of the most absurd interviews I have ever participated in. Use of the parenthesis even by your standards shows Galloway is aware of the language techniques Paxman employs, as if trying to lure the interviewee into giving a desired response. This indicates the demise of the interview as the off topic nature shows a refusal to answer. An attempt to win authority of the conversation is made with the simple sentence I have just won an election. This comes as a declaration of power and popularity, which arguably, portrays Galloway in an egotistical light, yet proves supremacy nevertheless. Paxmans response Im not insulting them, Im not insulting you displays subtle male gender language. The contraction Im leans towards Covert prestige, a theory first introduced by William Labov. The language, despite being inferior to the formal I am, suggests a more secure and less socially aspirational stance, conveying a tough or down to earth message. Peter Trudgills research in the 1970s into language and social class also comes to similar conclusions in regard to covert prestige. The role reversal of questions by the interviewee and answers by the interviewer continues as Galloway asks for congratulations on his victory. Paxmans response is one of obedience, and offers his congratulations, possibly to appease Galloway and regain focus. However, before the next question can be presented, the politician thanks Paxman before removing his microphone and leaving the studio. Due to this, the language used towards the end is perhaps misleading, giving the impression that Galloway successfully used male language to assert dominance. However, the hasty exit infers escaping any more questioning, and consequently, it could be assumed Paxman retained higher ground. The second extract is between BBC Newsnight interviewer Jeremy Paxman and Theresa May in which the home secretary repeatedly refused to disclose whether she knew in advance about George Osbornes child benefit announcement. When Jeremy questions May when was this policy actually cooked up?when did you first learn about [the policy]?, the politician responds Well, you use terms like cooked up as if somehow this was just something that was done on the back of an envelope. Well serves as a hedge word which Robin Lakoff (1975) classified as a key assumption of language used by women. Doing so gives an appearance of weakness yet it could equally be an indication of respect for the other speaker by offering some courtesy. Another key assumption that can be identified in this initial response is the intensifier just. The use of the verb before the adverb something de-intensifies meaning and infers that Paxmans questioning was irrational. The confidence of May is undermined by her inability to express her thoughts as she starts This is, we have been having to make before being interrupted by Paxman. This conforms to the idea of the Dominance Theory, in that in mixed-sex conversations, men are more likely to interrupt than women. In this sense, it is evident that male language has been used to gain an authoritative stance whilst Theresa May appears weak upon initial impression. The interruptions from Paxman continue throughout the interview with the repetition of the question When did you first hear about it?. Mays response deviates from what the interviewer wants by trying to put across the information she desires instead. Whilst answering with Tax and benefit decisions, use of the additional phrase as you well know suggests Paxman is playing a game for entertainment value. In this sense, Theresa may gains an improved stance over the conversation as it is suggested to the audience that Paxman holds no real substance to his questioning. In a tactful reply, Paxman puts questioning on hold by making the conclusive statement So you first heard about it on breakfast television yesterday?. After Mays reply no, interruption and the same questioning is then continued, giving the impression of a futility in Theresas avoidance. Paxman later introduces the same question, beginning with Now. This preposition of time shows Paxmans want of immediacy and quickening of pace. This could perhaps be an impatience developing from the interviewee, which would contradict the belief that he has control over the conversation. Another technique Paxman uses is referring to May as a senior member of government. This choice in mode of address reminds the audience of the politicians position. The connotations of power and intellect are intertwined, and thus failure to answer gives the damaging impression to the audience that she is not fitting for her job. Mays perceived level of intellect is again weakened when Paxman asks for the final time my question is, obviously, did you know in advance. The adverb obviously conveys a demeaning tone, and is used to summarise the theme of the interview. Despite this, Theresa May remains relentless in avoiding to give a direct response. Ownership of the conversation is arguably the interviewers as a result of this, yet Paxmans failure to withdraw the desired information perhaps suggests otherwise. Furthermore, when Paxman states you havent tried to give me a date so far, May seizes upon the opportunity to make a humorous response Oh, youre asking me for a date, Jeremy?. This alteration in level of tone is in recognition of the fact the interview has become trivial, and the laughter that follows from both members indicates a transition to informality. As a result, it can be deduced that possession of authority remains disputed. The interjection of humour does however conflict with Lakoffs belief of a lack of sense of humour from women, and thus the appropriateness of theories can be questioned. Conclusion From the two extracts, there is strong evidence to suggest that the ownership of a conversation is very much determined by the use of typical male speech. In data extract one, between two males, the struggle for dominance is apparent, and both members employ a variety of linguistic techniques in order to do gain high ground. Covert prestige and want of status are both seen which conforms to ideas from theorists such as Tannen and Labov. However, more subtle features such as use of personal pronouns were used in gaining authority. In comparison, extract two between Paxman and May shows a more weighted conclusion towards Paxman in ownership. Theresa May, despite successfully avoiding answering Paxman, showed several weaknesses which can be highlighted in her initial response of the extract. Use of hedging and intensifiers revealed insecurity in her position within the interview, and the inability to confront the repetitive questions suggests a defensive position. Consequently, the findings concur with the hypothesis in that male language is used to assert ownership of a conversation. When two males are in conversation, ownership is hard to distinguish whilst between a male and female, analysis suggests it is generally one sided. Overall, the theories do apply to the analysis that is made, but it is inevitable that language traits from both genders will be seen in all speech, as the humour from Theresa May proved. Evaluation The choice of two extracts allowed me to gain an in depth analysis on the language used in more that once case, thus improving the reliability of my findings and allowing me to establish generalisations. However, the level of analysis was limited in that only one male-male extract and one male-female extract was used. It was my intention to include a mixed gender interview, despite the aims being male language orientated, so the effectiveness of male language in asserting authority could be gauged against a control (female language). Yet the use of two extracts means that generalisations cant realistically be drawn from the findings. Use of a third extract would have allowed me to confirm concordance in analysis making the results more valid. Having said this, it can be assumed that interviewers, in this case Jeremy Paxman, do not always dictate the way an interview is conducted, as politicians deviate from questions posed by stating information that helps their political stance, despite this often being irrelevant. This investigation does help contribute to the idea that men still retain an air of dominance in language use, perhaps suggesting men and women are not on a level playing field in the practice of, in this case, politics. However, due to the limitations in the amount of data used, such an assumption is questionable. The fact that women do play a very large part in politics in modern society poses the question are male language traits adopted by females in order to establish equality, or are other techniques used to earn powerful positions. This would be a possible avenue for future research. Some would say the use of language to express an idea is extraneous, but rather it is the significance and quality of the idea that gains a position of authority.

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